Key elements from the philosophies of Hegel and Husserl Essay

Key components from the methods of reasoning of Hegel and Husserl - Essay Example As indicated by existentialism, presence precedes the substance of life. Hegel was likewise of a similar conclusion though he set forth certain conditions or circumstances when individuals have this sort of through and through freedom. As indicated by his ‘Philosophy of Right’, people are allowed to act or choose for themselves just on the off chance that they are a piece of a specific framework or region concerning the unrestrained choice. As per Hegel, opportunity ought not be connected with mediation (doing whatever one satisfies). Hegel accepts that, â€Å"We are free just when we defeat ‘particularity’ and act ‘universally’ or ‘objectively’, as indicated by the idea of the will† (Wood, 2003). Normally individuals confuse the importance of opportunity; they feel that opportunity implies nonexistence of obstacles in doing anything of one’s decision. Be that as it may, when we see it with common sense, the circumstan ce is to some degree unique. despite what might be expected, Hegel feels that people can't be supposed to be free â€Å"unless social organizations give significant extension and insurance to self-assertive freedom† (Woods, 2003). Another component of Hegel’s reasoning identifies with the common society. Hegel says that people are allowed to choose what work they decide for their vocation however they can't totally deny the way that their activities won't influence the general public. It ought to be a give and take framework where people contribute towards the general public and thusly the general public takes care of the more extensive interests of every individual. Any work that we do in a roundabout way helps the general public all in all; â€Å"As individuals from this general public, people have the obligation to help themselves through work which benefits the entire, while common society all in all owes every individual the chance to work in a manner which gives a safe, regarded and unavoidable method of life† (Woods, 2003). Reasoning of Phenomenology Edmund Husserl was the established the ‘Philosophy of Phenomenology’. He was a mathematician and every one of his expectations and clarifications depended on mathematic figurings or to be increasingly exact, the inferential framework. The thought process of Husserl’s Theory of Phenomenology, â€Å"is to examine the units of cognizance that the separate speaker introduces himself as having †that he offers voice to †in communicating the suggestion being referred to (for example, while composing a numerical course reading or giving a lecture)† (Beyer, 2011). Husserl relates the activities of individuals to their recognitions. As per him, it is very conceivable that while playing out any activity, an individual is fantasizing. Implies that he/she may think he/she is being watched while doing the demonstration. Likewise, â€Å"from a first-individual per spective, one can't, obviously, choose whether for a situation of what one takes to be, say, a demonstration of recognition one is at present performing, there really is an item that one is perceptually defied with† (Beyer, 2011). In Tel Asiado’s words Husserl’s reasoning cases that ‘consciousness is ‘directedness towards an object.’ The psychological state and the object of the state exist together in awareness without suggesting that there is any ‘material’ object offering an explanation to the call† (Asiado, 2009). Husserl’s anxieties are more towards the questions on the ‘information about self’ as opposed to the ‘information about things’. Husserl’s theory can be summed up to be â€Å"as both an early immediate reference scholar (headword:

Bird Characteristics - Animals and Wildlife - About.com

Feathered creature Characteristics - Animals and Wildlife - About.com Feathered creatures are unparalleled in their order of the skies. Gooney birds float significant distances over the untamed ocean, hummingbirds drift still in mid-air, and hawks dip down to catch prey with pinpoint exactness. Yet, not all feathered creatures are aerobatic specialists. A few animal categories, for example, kiwis and penguins, lost their capacity to fly quite a while in the past for ways of life fit more for land or water. Flying creatures are vertebrates, which implies that they are among those creatures that have a spine. They run in size from the moment Cuban Bee Hummingbird (Calypte helena) to the stupendous Ostrich (Struthio camelus). Fowls are endothermic and by and large, keep up internal heat levels in the scope of 40Â °C-44Â °C (104Â °F-111Â °F), however this changes among species and relies upon the action level of the individual winged creature. Winged creatures are the main gathering of creatures to have plumes. Plumes are utilized in flight yet additionally give feathered creatures different advantages, for example, temperature guideline and shading (for show and cover purposes). Plumes are made of a protein called keratin, a protein that is likewise found in mammalian hair and reptilian scales. The stomach related framework in feathered creatures is straightforward yet effective (empowering them to go food through their framework rapidly to limit the additional load of undigested food and the time it takes to extricate vitality from their food). Food goes through the pieces of a winged animals stomach related framework in the accompanying request before it is discharged: throat - thin cylinder that conveys food to the yield crop - a sack-like enlarging of the stomach related tract where food can be put away incidentally proventriculus - the main office of a feathered creatures stomach where food is separated by stomach related catalysts gizzard - the second office of a winged creatures stomach where food is ground up by strong activity and little stones or coarseness (ingested by the fowls) digestive organs - tubes that keep on removing supplements from food after it has gone through the gizzard Refs: Attenborough, David. 1998. The Life of Birds. London: BBC Books.Sibley, David Allen. 2001. The Sibley Guide to Bird Life Behavior. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.The University of California, Berkely. 2006 (Accessed Online). Historical center of Paleontology.

Explore how the language used in this passage describes Gatsbys defeat :: English Literature

Investigate how the language utilized in this entry depicts Gatsby's thrashing what's more, its representative centrality. Part 7: I looked at Daisy, who was staringà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦So we headed to the passing through the cooling nightfall Investigate how the language utilized in this section portrays Gatsby's thrashing and its representative importance. Section seven brings the contention among Tom and Gatsby into the open, and their contention over Daisy brings to the surface disturbing parts of the two characters. It opens as the gathering is assembled in Tom what's more, Daisy's home. It turns into an indispensable second as the gathering at last meets Daisy and Tom's infant. It draws out an intriguing result to the relationship of Gatsby and Daisy. When Gatsby first observes the infant Nick says: I don't think he had ever truly had confidence in its reality previously Gatsby and Daisy have been so enveloped with their own relationship and their own happiness that they have never brought the youngster into thought previously. We see Daisy being so possessive of her little girl. She excitedly tells the gathering that: She doesn't resemble her dad. She appears as though me. She has my hair and state of the face. This is recommending that she is attempting to make the youngster absolutely hers also, endeavors to keep Tom's association with the kid to the least. In her life, Daisy possesses next to no power. She has no activity or methods for freedom, which makes her dependant on Tom. The kid is conceivably something she believes she possesses and could certainly guarantees and tells the gathering it is hers. Anyway the youngster is by all accounts appended to her dad, as when Daisy solicits her from her assessment of her mom's visitors the youngster answers: Where is daddy This is the principal ramifications of Gatsby's thrashing. He could make Daisy disregard Tom yet the kid will consistently be a bond among Daisy and Tom. There was a feeling of pressure as the kid left the room, which was potentially spoke to by the warmth. The climate's warmth made Daisy and the rest battle through their addresses as so did the strain to Gatsby as he is beginning to reveal the truth and sureness that his relationship with Daisy isn't as smooth as he suspected it seemed to be. Tom and Gatsby's first restriction was on which vehicle they should drive into town. Gatsby didn't need Tom to drive his vehicle, while Tom demanded taking his vehicle. Tom won this little squabble, which was perhaps a portrayal of the fundamental battle about Daisy. The Bazaar wagon might be a portrayal of Daisy. The vehicle having a place with Gatsby, however now Tom has taken it forcibly.

SWOT Analysis for Toyota Camry Hybrid Research Assignment - 275 Words

SWOT Analysis for Toyota Camry Hybrid Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: SWOT Analysis for Toyota Camry HybridStudents Name:Institution Affiliation:Course:Date:IntroductionThe Toyota Camry is an automobile that is sold internationally by Toyota, the Japanese manufacturer since the year 1982 and it contains a sitting capacity of five adults. Originally compact in size the Camry models later have advanced to fit mid-size classification (wide-body). Since the release of the wide-bodied models, Toyota named Camry as the companys world car second after the Corolla. The market trend analysis is done while preparing for the vehicle. This includes the 4 Ps of marketing: price, place, promotion, and product. These usually help increase the overall sales. The SWOT analysis helps to focus on the strengths, weaknesses as well as identify the opportunities and threats. They include:StrengthsStrengths can be simply be defined as what every brand or business is known to do best in its scope of operations which gives it an upper hand over its competitors. Often tying first-second place with Volkswagen, the Toyota Motor Corporation is the leading automaker in the world, operating four different brands: Toyota, Hino, Lexus, and Daihatsu. The Toyota brand is worth the US $53.5 billion becoming the worlds 5th most valuable brand as well as the worlds most valuable automotive brand.Toyota is known for its competence in the production of hybrid vehicles, the Camry is one of the vehicles. This model is known for how it gives up nothing with the advanced tech as well its optimized fuel economy where the engine combines increased power and reduced fuel consumption reaching new levels of efficiency.Numerous standard safety features: the presence of auto emergency braking (AEB) and a blind spot monitor containing a rear cross traffic alert that is designed to detect vehicles approaching from either side. Advanced airbag system that contains ten airbags in total found on different parts of the car. The five-star ANCAP safety rating was awarded to the Camry range when the crash test was conducted in 2017.The 2018 Toyota Camry is an affordable hybrid in the sense that it is cheaper compared to the new Honda Accord Hybrid among other several competitors. It possesses add-on features and optional packages that are fairly priced making a consumer encouraged to buy them.WeaknessToyota gets large numbers of vehicle recalls drawing a negative publicity. Records from the year 2016 alone reveal that Toyota had a number of recalls which include: * Models amounting to 5.8 million recalled due to dysfunctional airbag inflators. * Presence of faulty seatbelts leading to the recall of nearly 3 million RAV4 sport utility vehicles.Smartphone integration is not present in the Toyota Camry: neither the apple car play nor android auto is available, a feature that is found in most vehicles absent in the Camry discouraging any potential buyer from making a purchase.The rear middle seat does not contain lower latch anchors. This is a disadvanta ge for a parent with a child since the child seat will be placed into either of the other seats for extra stability.OpportunitiesThe expectation for fuel prices to rise: fuel prices are expected to rise in the near future and when this happens the demand for large vehicles such as SUVs and pickup trucks will decrease. Toyota has invested heavily in hybrid vehicles the Camry is one of them. The demand for such vehicles will grow significantly grow if at any point the prices of fuels shoot up. The hybrid vehicles could also be improved and strengthened. Other vehicles that could also benefit from the rising fuel prices would be the electric vehicles something that Camry can focus on.New model releases: Automotive companies such as Toyota are impacted significantly by the frequency and timing at which new models are released to the market. Camry is able to release new models that have possessed upgrades that curb rising consumer expectations in the nature of the competition in the indu stry.ThreatsNatural disasters: countries such as Japan, China, Indonesia, and Thailand have a majority of the manufacturing facilities yet are often affected by calamities such as ...

Successfully Funding a Business Venture Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Usually, banks and other creditors are relatively reluctant to lend loans to startup businesses however all of our partners have sound experience and impressive professional credentials which would make the outlook of our future more viable. In case if we remain unable to raise loans through applications, personal properties of partners can be used as collaterals to raise loans. Where these loans are obtained for a longer period and provide suitable payback time to debtors, failure to pay back can lead to losing business as well as collaterals and incurring severe financial penalties with poor credit history affecting partners future credit status. Almost all of our members use credit cards that offer short-term credit services against very low-interest rates, annual fees and have several perks and benefits that can be helpful in business purchasing and traveling (Bagley Whynott, 1994; Fritzpack, 2013). This method also is fairly convenient due to readily available cash in hand and also less formal procedures in acquiring loans. However, this option provides a solution in the short-term only and hence can be used for operational expenses only with credit being paid off in the time limit specified by banks. We will write a custom essay sample on Successfully Funding a Business Venture or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Since we are intending to control expenditure in the beginning, partners in the event management firm would have to come up with personal liquidated assets. This method is expedient, convenient and has a lesser cost involved. Although the risks of losing one s personal assets cannot be ignored cost-benefit analysis makes this option more appropriate than others.

Why Theu.s. Should Raise The Federal Minimum Wage

Sarath Kareti Ms. Engel Modern Literature 10 March 2017 Why the U.S. Should Raise the Federal Minimum Wage The world is filled with luxuries such as personal islands, gold-plated cars, or crystal pianos. What about everyday items like food, clothing, and shelter? Families in the United States can barely afford such items because of an American tragedy: the minimum wage. Though the sights and sounds of fluttering money is alluring, it is also elusive. The minimum wage is a tragic loss for the United States because it cannot even provide the bare minimum for employees working tirelessly for it. Opposition of raising it can be negated by statistics that show how the country can move into a brighter future. Data from economic research shows†¦show more content†¦Price then realized that since it was the workers that were making these productivity gains, their minimum wages should increase. As a result, he cut his own salary to fund a company-wide increase of the minimum wage to seventy-thousand dollars (Keegan). Price’s actio ns reflect the importance of workers and their contributions to a firm. These gains should be going to the workers since they are the source of the productivity gains. CEOs can implement a program or buy technology to increase rates of production, but it is up to the employees as a collective mass to actually execute this action. Disbursing these productivity gains would contribute to increasing the minimum wage, inherently moving families up closer to or above the poverty line. Ranks show that forty percent of Americans between the ages of twenty-five and sixty-six will spend one year below the poverty line and fifty-four percent will spend a year at or near that line (Kiernan 182). For workers to still live in poverty is because without them, there would be implementation of the good or service a CEO is trying to provide. Employees are the basis of production and should be valued more than the current minimum wage. Increasing the minimum wage would also prevent people from working nonstandard hours to earn more money, which would increase the living standard. Workers that have nonstandard hours tend to be single mothers with children, who are then forced to leave their children alone

Julius Caesar Analysis Essay Example For Students

Julius Caesar Analysis Essay Julius Caesar was a strong leader for the Romans who changed the courseof the history of the Greco Roman world decisively and irreversibly. With his courage and strength he created a strong empire . Whathappened during his early political career? How did he become such astrong dictator of the Roman Empire? What events led up to the makingof the first triumvirate? How did he rise over the other two in thetriumvirate and why did he choose to take over? What happened duringhis reign as dictator of Rome? What events led up to the assassinationof Caesar? What happened after he was killed? Caesar was a major partof the Roman Empire because of his strength and his strong warstrategies. Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman whose dictatorship waspivotal in Romes transition from republic to empire. When he was youngCaesar lived through one of the most horrifying decades in the historyof the city of Rome. The city was assaulted twice and captured by Romanarmies, first in 87 BC by the leaders of the populares, his uncle Mariusand Cinna. Cinna was killed the year that Caesar had married Cinnasdaughter Cornelia. The second attack upon the city was carried our byMarius enemy Sulla, leader of the optimates, in 82 BC on the lattersreturn from the East. On each occasion the massacre of politicalopponents was followed by the confiscation of their property. Theproscriptions of Sulla, which preceded the reactionary politicallegislation enacted during his dictatorship left a particularly bittermemory that long survived. Caesar left Rome for the province of Asia on the condition that hedivorce his wife because Sulla would only allow him to leave on thatcondition. When he heard the news that Sulla had been killed hereturned to Rome. He studied rhetoric under the distinguished teacherMolon. In the winter of 75-74 BC Caesar was captured by pirated and, while intheir custody awaiting the arrival of the ransom money which theydemanded, threatened them with crucifixion , a threat which he fulfilledimmediately after his release. He then returned to Rome to engage in anormal political career, starting with the quaetorship which he servedin 69-68 BC in the province of Further Spain. In the Roman political world of the sixties the dominance of theoptimates was challenged by Pompey and Crassus. The optimates, led byQuintus Lutatius Catulus and Lucius Licinius Lucullus , were chiefly menwhose careers had been made by Sulla. Pompey and Crassus were consulsin 70 BC and had rescinded the most offensively reactionary measures ofSullas legislation. During Pompeys absence from 67 to 62 BC duringhis campaigns against the Mediterranean pirates, Mithridates, andCrassus, his jealous rival. Caesar married Ponpeia after Corneliasdeath and was appointed aedile in 65 BC As aedile , Caesar returned toMarius trophies to their former place of honor in the Capitol, thuslaying claim to leadership of the populares.When Caesar was a praetor, he supported a tribune who wanted Pompeyrecalled to restore order in Rome. As a result, Caesar was suspendedfrom office for a period and antagonized Catulus. Before leaving Rometo govern Further Spain for a year, Caesar divorced his wife Pompeiabecause of the allegation that she had been implicated in the offense ofPublius Clodius. The latter was then awaiting trial for breaking intoCaesars house the previous December disguised as a woman at thefestival of the Bona Dea, which no man is allowed to attend. After his return from a successful year administrating Spain Caesar waselected consul for 59 BC through political alliance with Pompey andCrassus . This alliance was called the first triumvirate. .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf , .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf .postImageUrl , .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf , .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf:hover , .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf:visited , .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf:active { border:0!important; } .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf:active , .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7be0b2bba72b77a51c78a45f70eb2dcf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Contents Introduction Overview of Diabetes Type I Essay Caesarspurpose was to gain a big military command. Pompey for his part soughtthe ratification of his Eastern settlement and land allotments for hisdischarged troops. Crassus sought a revision of the contract forcollecting taxes in the province of Asia. An agrarian bill authorizingthe purchase of land for Pompeys veterans was passed in January of 59BC at a disorderly public assembly which Caesars fellow consulCalpurnius Bibulus, was thrown from the platform and his consularinsignia were broken. Bibulus tried to stop Caesar and his supportersfrom passing any further law but was only able to postpone the creationof the new laws by saying that the skies would not permit it becausethere was stormy weather and they were very superstitious. Caesardisregarded Bibulus behavior

Miranda Rights free essay sample

The relationship between the Escobedo and Miranda laws is as follows: The Escobedo law came into effect because he was denied an attorney, thus his confession to his crime of murder was thrown out. In the Miranda case, his confession was also inadmissible because he was not aware of his rights to self- incrimination. The impact of both decisions made the law seem to protect the innocent and the guilty, that is why you are innocent until proven guilty. No one was allowed to talk to police without a lawyer present due to the possibility of police hanging the words around, or the suspect not understating their rights to remain silent. Two years after the Miranda ruling, Congress passed Title 18 Statue 3501, which appeared to override Miranda and return to the voluntariness standard. This new statue affected the Miranda ruling because as long as the criminals confession was deemed voluntary under the due process voluntariness test, the confession is admissible even if it was obtained before the person was read his or her Miranda arnings. We will write a custom essay sample on Miranda Rights or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These laws do both to protect individual rights and at the same time, provide loop holes for criminals. Everyone taken into custody needs to know their Constitutional rights to protect themselves from self incrimination. However, criminals can use this as a means to get away with a crime. For example the U. S. v. Dickerson case. Mr. Dickerson confessed to robbing a bank, but then later stated he was not read his rights, making the confession inadmissible in a court of law.

How to Use Hyphens Correctly in Business Grammar

How to Use Hyphens Correctly in Business Grammar Louise Julig wrote a wonderful post about hyphens in her Thoughts Happen blog. Business writing requires correct hyphenation. It’s both clarifying and funny. She wore a purple wrist band to remind her of her pledge not to complain. The problem? The bracelet omitted a needed hyphen, prompting Louise’s grammar complaint: Argh! I just can’t stand it anymore! I’ve been doing this purple-bracelet â€Å"stop complaining† exercise for almost three weeks now (and am on my record 5th day of not complaining) but I can’t hold it in any longer because every time I look at the half inch of rubber encircling my wrist I want to gouge a little hyphen between â€Å"Complaint† and â€Å"Free.† It’s â€Å"A Complaint-Free World,† people, not â€Å"A Complaint Free World†! Oh the irony of complaining about the â€Å"complaint free† bracelet. But really! Hyphens are very complicated. I agree with Grammar Girl’s recommendation to check a dictionary and style guide when possible. When it’s not, fall back on this baseline rule: Hyphenate compound modifiers when they come before a noun, and don’t hyphenate them when they come after a noun. Louise illustrated this rule nicely: Why is this? Here’s my best explanation: hyphens group modifiers together for clarity. Say you have a red brick house. Is it a red house? Yes. Is it a brick house? Yes. Therefore, no hyphen is needed. However, what if you have a â€Å"gluten free recipe.† Is it a gluten recipe? No. Is it a free recipe? No. Therefore, a hyphen is needed to group the modifiers together so you know the recipe has no gluten. It’s a gluten-free recipe. Why then do you not hyphenate after the noun, e.g. â€Å"the recipe is gluten free†? The temptation is to throw in extra hyphens just in case, e.g. â€Å"the recipe is gluten-free.† But it’s just as bad to over-hyphenate as to under-hyphenate, and it really isn’t necessary. Here’s why: when the modifier comes after the noun, it’s only modifying the one word immediately after it. So we ask ourselves, â€Å"What kind of ‘free’ is it?† and the answer is â€Å"gluten.† It’s gluten free. Louise, thanks so much for breaking your complaint-free pledge to clarify this! I say you should gouge that little hyphen into your bracelet, and wear it proudly!

Clinical Supervision Reflection and Action Plan Essay

Clinical Supervision Reflection and Action Plan - Essay Example Other fields have also embraced the concept of clinical supervision with a variation of the same though under a different name altogether. This paper is going to focus on the various aspects of clinical supervision. It will begin with a brief background of the concept. A definition of the concept will be provided for purposes of understanding what clinical supervision is all about. It will then look at what happens in clinical supervision including the various stages involved. It will then provide a reflection of the good things that I encountered during clinical supervision before also looking at the bad things in clinical supervision. The paper will then look at some of the key issues in clinical supervision outlining their importance and how to improve on them in the future. This will then be followed by a discussion of some of the challenges that I faced and the mechanisms that I put in place to overcome them. The paper will conclude explaining why clinical supervision is important in nursing and the difference that it makes in the entire profession. Clinical supervision There has been a longstanding assumption in the medical field that nurses and midwives for that matter â€Å"learn on the Job† but in true sense there have been very few mechanisms that are put in place to ensure this aspect happens (Bryant, 2010, p. 36 ). Clinical supervision is an aspect that was introduced way back in the early 1990’s to describe a systematic structure for professional development for nurses and midwives. This concept was seen as a means of bringing together the aspect of reflection, development, individual responsibility and accountability within a framework that offers support and promotes safe practices (Gordon, 2000, p. 27). The overall intention of introducing this concept is to be able to promote safe practice and help in identifying the wilful bad practices that are exemplified nurses at the workplace and how these can be avoided in future operations (Bryant, 2010, p. 37 ). The NMC viewed the practices by nurses as individual responsibility an d therefore in 1993 they put forward a code that stated â€Å"As a professional you are personally accountable for actions and omissions in your practice and must always be able to justify your decisions.† This showed the aspect of individual responsibility and accountability (NMC, 2008). The council later on realized the importance of clinical supervision as being essential to accountable nursing practice and therefore endorsed its adoption in every branch of nursing. However the implementation of this aspect was essentially left to the practitioners in the individualized or local situations (Jeremy & Suresh, 2007, p. 412). The council still supports the aspect of clinical supervision but believes that it is better developed at local levels in line with the local needs of the population (Bryant, 2010, p. 39 ). Clinical supervision is therefore described as â€Å"regular protected time for facilitated, in-depth reflection on clinical practice aimed to enable the supervisee t o achieve, sustain and creatively develop a high quality of practice through the means of focused support and development.† (NCNM, 2008, p. 2) Brunero & Stein-Parbury (2008, p. 87) define clinical supervision as â€Å" a process of professional support and learning in which nurses are assisted in developing their practice through regular discussion time with experienced and knowledgeable colleagues.† It is evident from this that the principle of discussion is used in clinical supervision. Discussion or reflection is used to assist the nurse’s figure out what happened in a given situation and what

An Analysis of Cross-Cultural Communication and Negotiation in the Assignment

An Analysis of Cross-Cultural Communication and Negotiation in the International Management Arena - Assignment Example This move is particularly important because Ashby (2008) advises that â€Å"these unpalatable truths contribute to the increasing problems† facing companies. This is so because even though misconceptions are generally accepted to be falsehood, they at times impact on the lives of natives such that they begin to adapt their ways of life towards them (Osei, 2009). In the first place, it is believed that Nigeria is a country blighted with the problem of political and civil tension, instability and unrest. This is considered as a misconception not necessarily because Nigeria never records any instances of political unrest but that the degree of occurrence might be more than suggested. In a typical example of political tension, â€Å"On 19 October 2010, a militant group threatened to attack political campaign gatherings attended by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan† (Australian Department of Affairs, 2011). Such political tensions are believed to impact negatively on busi nesses wishing to start new ventures in the country because investors cannot be fully assured of the defense of the constitution of the country, which protects the investor and other foreigners. This not withstanding, it is important for Fosters to be aware that for the past fifteen (15) years, Nigeria has upheld it national constitution without a coup d’etat that overdraws the constitution (Dawodu, 2007).

Case Study Analysis on an Organisation Essay Example for Free

Case Study Analysis on an Organisation Essay Organisational change is something that occurs throughout an organisation’s life cycle and effects the entire organisation rather than one part of it. Employing a new person is one example. Change is increasing due to a number of forces including globalisation led by rapidly advancing technologies, cultural diversity, environmental resources and the economy; therefore the ability to recognise the need for change as well as implement change strategies effectively, in a proactive response to internal and external pressures is essential to organisational performance. Internal changes can include organisational structure, process and HR requirements and external changes involve government legislation, competitor movements and customer demand (Wood et al, 2010). Change does not need to be a painful process, as it may seem when observing the amount of failed change management initiatives with reports as low as 10% of researched success rates (Oakland Tanner, 2007), when successful change management strategies are utilised and planned, including effective communication strategies, operational alignment, readiness to change and implementation, which all lower and overcome resistance (Wood et al, 2010). There is a great amount of literature on the negative aspects and difficult management with employees resisting change, however Wood et al (2010) challenge this notion by questioning the change management process as people do not resist change itself but aspects of the change that affects them personally such as fear of the unknown, status, remuneration and comfort. Resistance to these changes is a healthy reaction and can be managed effectively in the beginning by ensuring communication and using one of the change initiatives described here. Background Information Truelocal is based in Sydney, with small sales branches in Brisbane and Melbourne. It employs over 150 staff, an increase of approximately 50% over the past two years. It was founded in 2005 by NDM as part of an expanding operation of online websites to provide across the board consumer services, including news and magazine websites; online sport and weather information; and shopping comparison search engine, web-based recruitment, and travel search engine solutions [http://www. ewsdigitalmedia. com. au, accessed 25/08/2010]. As the world shifted into what is often referred to as the ‘digital info age’, consumer demand for online media as a way to source information significantly increased and demand for printed media decreased putting pressure on newspaper companies to expand to producing news and information online in digital format. This included News Corporation which decreased its newspaper operations and increased its digital expansion. As an employee at Truelocal for over six years, I have acquired this information presented here through interviews with management, company information and my own observations internally within the organisation’s sales department working in the roles of sales executive, account manager and senior retention account manager. The Need for Change – Management Structure Truelocal needed to align its culture, values and structure with the parent company in order to meet strategic growth goals not long after it was founded. Wood et al (2010) describe the work of an author, Noel Tichey on managing strategic change. Experts use three fundamental sets of change in their approach; technical design, political allocation and culture/ideological mix problems. It is one of these problems that become a pressing issue at any one time of which then initiates the change. In Truelocal’s case there were a number of changes evolving and at this time it was culture problems. NDM has been growing in size since its establishment in 2006 with a number of acquired website operations, each operating as a separate business unit with the support of HR, Finance, IT, Commercial Operations and other support services provided by the parent company (NDM). A decision was made to align the organisation in terms of operations, culture and strategy so it could concentrate on innovation and performance to achieve its goal of becoming the number one provider of online information in Australia. As a result NDM redesigned its organisational structure as Truelocal and most of the other business units merged together in one location. Not long after this relocation, Truelocal began flattening out the company structure lead by a new management team and CEO. It has since been under constant change to achieve it’s goal to continue growth (both in number of staff and performance) and excel as a high performing and innovative company with an agenda of being the second largest online directory service in Australia after it’s competitor Sensis (Yellow pages online). Wood et al (2010) explain the performance gap is a desire to move from one less desired state to another. This can be seen by the increased performance after the change occurred and culture change was implemented. What changed Fundamental changes that occurred were a shift from the existing vertical, bureaucratic structure to a horizontal structure and change in specialist functioning of divisions creating a professional, corporate environmental culture that was customer focused. The existing culture was a casual attitude towards dress requirements, starting and finishing times, breaks, informal communication expression and channels and many staff were employed as friends of existing staff rather than based on competency and job skills. Some managers had their partners working for them and a few were family members. There didn’t appear to be any dress code and people came and left work at varying times. Additionally management employed more skilled staff, retrained existing staff and created processes of which procedures were then put in place. One of the ways these objectives were achieved was by the reduction of management layers resulting in more direct reporting. Wood et al (2010) explain as organisational size increases, the more interconnections and less direct communication between people takes place (Wood et al, 2010). Change Process When management at Truelocal uplifted existing management and reporting structures, staffs were initially left without direction, reporting channels, processes and goals were not clearly communicated causing a lot of uncertainty. Consequently many staff resigned as they felt upset and confused about what was happening. Truelocal however, retained some of the more experienced staff with new career development propositions and new managers were encouraging and open about future improvements that were to take place within the organisation. One of the ways Truelocal could have managed this change is by using the Freeze/Unfreeze concept; Wood et al (2010) explains Kurt Lewin, a famous organisational Psychologist’s three-force phase, which is needed for any organisation to be motivated to bring about the change of which are; 1) Unfreezing focuses on preparing people for change. This is a critical part of the change phase prior to implementation by analysing and influencing resistance and need to change. A common tool that is used at this stage is called Force Field Analysis, this measures these forces. ) Changing of people; tasks; structure; technology. Ideally the organisation will be completely unfrozen, ready for change and its goals made clear. It is recommended that staff are not perceived to have a sense of high or low security at this stage in order to avoid resistance. 3) Refreezing is the evaluation and reinforcement of the changes that took place. The new managers were recruited by Truelocal for their exp erience in organisational transformation within the type of professional, high performing, corporate environment the organisation desired and who worked at their competitor company. These managers were expected to manage the entire change process themselves. Change agents are people or groups who take responsibility for the change of behaviours and existing patterns in a supportive manner (Wood et al, 2010). The perceived risks however, are the responsibility of the organisation’s leader who decides on the direction of the change (Oakland Tanner, 2007). Planned changes that took place were; Structure – change in organisational design by reporting systems, operational processes and size of teams, while roles were redefined by definition, job title and remuneration. Tasks – Most jobs were redesigned including more responsibility for staff in management roles and multi functional tasks for other staff. One of these job designs is called job enrichment, which is the increase and deepening of motivating factors built into a job (Wood et al, 2010). Some of these enrichments used by new management were increased responsibility and accountability, less control and more freedom in the job and more recognition. People – improvement of recruitment and selection process by advertising formal job vacancies on the organization’s intranet and incentives for staff to nominate candidates who were then formally interviewed by a number of managers. Additionally training sessions for new staff, coaching and certification courses were made available. Carless (2005) describes her research on the compatibility of job-person-organisation-environment fit. She believes a person must assess their attributes and personality with the job and organisational characteristics, which is likely to improve job satisfaction and adjustment to the environment. Culture – organisational values and beliefs were communicated from the parent company of which staff was rewarded when their behaviour displayed these values. Recognition was given in addition at meetings and performance appraisals. This is the observable culture, however as Wood et al (2010) explain, shared meanings and stories are other powerful aspects of culture and this can be observed at Truelocal by the high turnover of staff by both stories and norms that communicate the need to work hard to perform in the job or leave. Cultural symbols include trophies for ‘employee of the month’ awarded to the highest performer. These symbols serve to transmit cultural meaning (Wood et al, 2010). In the sales department a large subculture can be observed. Wood et al (2010) explain strong subcultures are often found in high performance task forces where people share similar values and backgrounds. This subculture included men between the ages of 22-30 yrs that have no formal education, drink alcohol excessively, and are passionate about technology, highly materialistic and view women as sex objects, which can often be observed by their language and behaviour. Moreover this culture is likely to be influenced by the national culture of which the organisation is embedded (Wood et al, 2010). In fact this subculture existed in the old culture before the restructure of which the company held ‘diversity training’ focused on discrimination and fairness within the workplace resulting in terminations. According to The Economist (2008), in the economic downturn companies need ‘Generation Y’ as hungry 25-35 year olds without commitment, for marketing and product innovation with emerging technologies, able to put in the time and energy to help them deal with recession hazards, especially in sales. Strategy – operations and planning were clarified at monthly and quarterly meetings including product changes. These were addressed by department managers regularly and CEO meetings irregularly, to engage staff. Wood et al (2010) explain leadership has changed from the traditional trait and behaviour approaches to transformational, charismatic, visionary focus and is separate from management. The leadership team at Truelocal formally includes the CEO and parent company (NDM) leaders. Their leadership function can be observed by their language and behaviours they use a transformational and visionary change approach. Objectives – specific performance targets were set allowing staff to earn a higher commission by overachieving set targets, recognition and prizes to increase motivation consistently. Purpose – both the CEO and the parent company made organisational goals clearly communicated vision and clarified progress regularly. Recognition was given for the contribution of each department and each business unit to the overall success of the organisation. These changes were managed by senior staff using a combination of change strategy approaches as explained by Wood et al (2010) that include a forced approach of top down command, one way communication, coercive reward and punishment approach, rationalisation approach and shared decision making, empowered approach. Of these approaches no single approach was concluded best by researchers on organisational change and it is advised that more commonly a combination will occur, however guidelines are offered to change agents and managers (Wood et al, 2010); consider use of expert consultants communicate the need for change feedback from employees avoid changing for the sake of change study organisational change and structures From this perspective Truelocal management took the right approach by varying the way they managed the change. Change Results The facilitation of clearer and faster communication channels enabled staff to work more efficiently and get things done faster, along wit h improved technology. Further benefits of this structure were people collaborating in teams, using initiative and increased spontaneous communication while rules, procedures and close supervision were reduced as described in (Tushman, Anderson O’Reilly, 1997). Wood et al (2010) describe the matrix structure is common in large organisations wanting to improve customer responsiveness. Truelocal’s reporting structure utilised this organisational design as part of the change, for example the finance manager reports to the CEO of Truelocal and to the Commercial Director of NDM, however Wood et al (2010) note each organisation’s structure is unique and there is no single observed design. This change is described by Wood et al (2010) as radical. Radical changes are fundamental reorientations and transformational, often initiated by the arrival of a new CEO. Culture Performance Change Since the change occurred, Truelocal’s sales department recorded a growth rate of 15% per full time employee (FTE). Some strategies used were; Performance appraisal review (PAR) – staff are asked to grade themselves on their performance and their use of company values of which are discussed by their managers. For example one of the values is ‘Impact’ and an employee is asked how much impact they contributed to the organisation since the last performance review and they are required to give examples of this behaviour. These PARs are held quarterly and annually. Reward and remuneration – staff are given targets according to their job level and experience with incentives to over achieve. These targets are called Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). The person’s job is broken into task components of which each component consists of a target behaviour that is rewarded. Remuneration is based on the overall percentage of KP I achievement. Recognition – employee of the month award was created by encouraging staff to use an online submission for their preferred co-worker who had gone over and above their job requirement displaying one of the company values. In addition the company awards the sales department with the person with the highest dollar value in sales and yearly a larger reward of which one year was a new car. Similarly a newsletter recognises new sales people who achieve early in their job. All of these reinforcements are called extrinsic which are rewards given to someone by another person’s valued outcome and because they are environmentally impactful are valued in influencing behaviour through the law of effect (Wood et al, 2010). Cultural change can take years according to Wood et al (2010); however effective cultural change strategies can be used to shorten the timeframe. One of which is explained by Oakland Tanner (2007), it is important to align the culture to support the desired change in behaviour. For example Truelocal needed a professional, customer focused culture which required staff to develop professional skills and behaviour. The result was all departments undertook a full training programme designed to increase awareness in communication, with a focus on questioning and empathy. Conclusion Truelocal is a young company and part of the larger and still relatively new parent organisation, NDM, operating under the global News Corporation. The industry it operates in, digital media is one of the fastest growing and changing environments globally. It changed from a structure and culture of casual, unprofessional work practices managed within a more bureaucratic structure that was under performing to a transformational, high performing, innovative and professional culture that is customer focused. Truelocal achieved its goal of growth, productivity and change in culture, however many staff were lost in the process and not much planning appeared to be in place. It is unclear as to the lack of planning, communication or use of external consultant in the case of radical change that occurred. One assumption might be due to budgetary restrictions as the company has been running at a loss since it started, reporting a loss this year of over one hundred million. Apart from the successful change management strategies that were used by the change agents, in particular the motivational strategies used by nominated change managers, numerous other approaches were identified that may benefit the organisation for managing future changes more effectively. Reference List Carless, S. A. (2005). Person-job fit versus person-organisation fit as predictors of organisational attraction and job acceptance intentions: a longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology. 78 (3), 411-429. Generation Y goes to work (2008, December 30). The Economist (US). Retrieved from http://www. economist. com/business/displaystory. cfm? story_id=12863573 Oakland, J. S. , Tanner, S. (2007). Successful change management. Total Quality Management, 18 (1-2), 1-19. Tushman, M. L. , Anderson, P. C. O’Reilly, C. (1997). Technology cycles, innovation streams and ambidextrous organisations: organisaiton renewal through innovation streams and strategic change. Managing strategic innovation and change. Oxford University Press, NY. 2-23. Wood, J, Zeffane, R. , Fromholtz M. , Wiesner R. , Creed A. , Schermerhorn J. , Hunt J. , Osborn R. , (2010). Organisational Behaviour, Core concepts applications. 2nd Ed. John Wiley Sons, Australia, Ltd. Milton Qld.

Effects Of Rape On Women Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Webster’s Dictionary describes rape as the crime of forcing another person to submit to sex acts, especially sexual intercourse. Rape is a crime in which most women cannot defend themselves. The fear of rape plagues every woman at some point or another in her life. The traumatic effects of rape vary from mild to severe, from psychological to physical. This paper will evaluate rape, as well as the effects it has on women, the theory behind male dominance and patriarchy, and differences in demographics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Rape is a crime that combines sex and violence, that makes sex the weapon in an act of violence.†(Kimmel 257) Because of this, rape is often traumatic for the victim of a rape. Many victims undergo what is known as rape trauma syndrome, â€Å"†¦rape trauma syndrome, consisting of an acute stage, where the primary response is fear, followed by a reorganization stage, characterized by phobias, insomnia, sexual dysfunctions, and major changes in life-style.†(Chandler et al pp. 248) These are some of the psychological side effects that women must endure after the rape. There are also other factors, relating to the individual that effect rape trauma they include, â€Å"age, prior sexual experience, ethnicity, and response of significant others to the victim. Factors relating to the sexual assault, such as degree of violence and the relationship between the victim and the assailant also affect trauma.†(Chandler et al pp 249) Overall, is i s safe to say that there are many psychological effects of rape that allows women to fear the attack of a rape. In many rape situations, the victim is raped by an aquaintance, therefore the victim is less likely to report the rape. â€Å"About 15 percent of college women report having been sexually assaulted; more than half of these assaults were by a person that the women was dating.†(Kimmel 233) If more than half of the sexual assaults and rapes are commited by a person that a women is dating or at least knows, then the people that are the rapists are the everyday Joe’s walking down the street, not the psychotic rapist that women are on the look out for. â€Å"Moreover, 20 to 50 percent of women have sustained sexual coercion at least once while dating.†(Burke et al 272) This statistic shows that when women are in a relationship they are much less likely to report a rape. â€Å"Women tend to... ...ies that in rapes where white men are the offender, they usually know the victim, however, in cases where black men are the rapist, they tend to be strangers. Abortion is a very controversial issue in our society. However, people tend to feel differently about abortions for rape victims. The contriversy over the abortion issue is that if a woman is responsible enough to go through the actions to become pregnant, she should be able to have the child. Churches believe that abortion is murder. However, if a woman is raped, she did not give her consent to have sexual intercourse with the offender. According to Schuman and Scott, although there are many people that have mixed feelings about abortion, in other words they believe that it is okay at some times, but at other times they feel that it is wrong, the most extreme pro-life people still believe that abortion is wrong â€Å"when pregnancy results from rape or incest.† (Schuman and Scott 786) In these situations, however, pro-choice believe that women have as much right to choose what happens to their body. According to Kimmel, in some states abortion is only legal in â€Å"cases of rape or of a threat to the mother’s health† (Kimmel 255).

A History of Arabian Music

Henry G. Farmer illuminating book â€Å"A History of Arabian Music† seeks to provide readers with insight of the historical influences that shaped Arabian music and the culture that nourished and gave rise to variances and interpretations dealing with the theory of music and the practices that further consolidated and supported these theories. The book was published originally in 1929 and covers musical work over several centuries. The book starts with the factors that helped to shaped Arabian music culture. These include political and social factors which were instrumental in shaping Arabian music theory.The book starts with a look at the â€Å"Days of Idolatry† in the 6th century (Farmer, 1929). According to Farmer, this was a time which was referred to by Muslims as â€Å"Days of ignorance† based of the fact that at that time much of the knowledge relating to Arabian civilization and the attending economical, political and cultural practices, was lost. Farmer argues that there were many musical instruments in this Islamic time, whose development were linked to Southern Arabians and these instruments include Mi’Zaf (Barbiton) and the Kus (A Large Kettledrum) (Farmer, 1929).Factors Migration of people from the southern region to Al Hijaz resulted in a melting pot of the Arts and musicians and poets flourished and shared their talents with others. Farmer also stated that the Musicians and poets in Ukaz competed fiercely for ascendency in their respective arts and this may have helped to shaped the music of the times. Farmers reports that singing girls were famous during that time and musicians gained further recognition from singing at the courts (Farmer, 1929).The author states that during the time of Idolatry, music was found in all areas of society; and pervaded, religious, public and private lives. Arabians were known to sing while at work and play and they often express joy by enagaging in music. Dispite the many musicians and s ingers of that time, only a few names have been preserved for modern society. Farmer states that with the advent of Islam during the time of Mohammed the Prophet and subsequent to his death, legists have been debating if music was lawful although there is no reference in the Quran as to any opposition.Farmer argue that the opposition to music may have developed by those theologians who decryed the attention being paid to music and popular musicians of the time (Farmer, 1929). Arabian music would also be influence by the Khalif, Mu'awiya who during his reign in the 7th century eventually gave recognition and a present to a musician in his court and this was in direct contrast to what were popular expressions of disapproval of musicians at the time.Yazid II (720-24) a ruler, was also said to have been instrumental in bringing back music to the courts and public life because he enjoyed the arts Farmer illuminatingly states that eventually during what he termed the â€Å"Orthodox Khali fate† there arose serious competition between the musicians of two major Arabian cities; Mecca and Al Medina and he argues that it was Mecca that gave the Arabians the musician Ibn Misjah who was stated to be the first schooled person in Arabian music.Farmer stated that Arabian music was influenced by both Greek and Persian musicians and composers and the Greek influence gained ascendancy with the work of Greek theorists such as Ptolemy, Aristoxenos and Euklid prominently taking center stage to shape Arabian music. Farmer also looks at two Khalifs who were avid supporters of music and these were Al-Amir (1101-1131) and Al-Musta'H (1094-1101). Farmer argues that the later Khalifs helped to support and shape musical development and enjoyment.In Farmers’ eyes the development and growth in appreciation of music in the Arabian culture was not without opposition and controversy. In his eyes, and based on his research, it was the Khalifs, especially those from the 8th to the 1 2th centuries that brought back music to public and private lives and encouraged a growing appreciation of this art form. He viewed the work of the great philosopher, Al-Ghazali, as being enormously influential pertaining to musical development and cites the Principal of the Two Nizamiyya colleges in Baghdad and Nisapur as being one who came out in defense of the music.Farmer has been able to shed light on a period in Arabian history that shows how music development evolved and developed and the forces that acted to restrain the emergence of musical theory. His book shows the triumph of those who overcame adversity and opposition to music in public and private citing religious teachings and the book ends with a look at the work and lives of those who actively sought to make music a part of daily lived of Arabians.Farmers work shows that the development of the music did not happen overnight, but was a result of centuries of struggle and erudite contemplations. No single individual ca n lay claim to the developing theories of music for the Arabian people and the development was due to a multitude of music lovers who defended the art and practices and eventually left a rich heritage. References Farmer, H. G. (1929). A History of Arabian Music. Luzac.

Dakota Office Productsgmo the Value Versus Growth Dilemma

Abstract The case GMO: The Value versus Growth Dilemma describes Dick Mayo’s puzzlement by the New Economy’s continuous bias toward growth-investment strategies. As one of the most celebrated value investors in the United States, he examines the basics of his philosophy versus that of a growth orientation by evaluating long-term expected returns of several value and growth stocks. The following paper was examined to pursue several objectives: (1) to define value and growth investing – where the differences lie and whether one approach is superior to the other or whether both have merit; (2) to perform basic valuations of Cisco Systems (a growth company), CVS, R.R. Donnelly and Manor Care (value companies) and to compute their long-term†¦show more content†¦While value investors may miss out on stock price surges like those experienced back in the days of the dotcom bubble, their shares’ prices are usually less susceptible to market downturns because these investors usually do not unload their investments and flee the market when there are sudden downward swings. In contrast, growth investing is characterized by pursuing stocks that are considered to have some above-average or exceptional future growth due to â€Å"less tangible† qualities that will produce gains higher than those of industry peers, if not the overall market. Investors can have a difficult time evaluating these stocks but are nevertheless drawn by factors such as a sustainable competitive advantage, funds set aside for capital investments in the company, or some potential market opportunity of which the firm can take advantage. These stocks tend to have high price-to-earnings ratios, as investors have faith in the future of the company and are willing to pay handsomely for these securities, which in turn drives prices even higher. During times delineated by a bull market and/or an economic expansion, investing in growth stocks can be very lucrative as they can catch onto the market’s upward momentum and appreciate very quickly, creating opportunities for profit-taking. On the other hand, if there is a sudden downward swing in the market, they tend to be sold more quickly and drop in price more dramatically than value

Management Accounting Essay - 1907 Words

Management in business and human organization activity, in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, -resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act(s) of management. Basic functions of management Management operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, leading/motivating and controlling.†¦show more content†¦This is because of the different emphasis: management accounting information is used within an organization, typically for decision-making. According to the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), Management Accounting is the process of identification, measurement, accumulation, analysis, preparation, interpretation and communication of information used by management to plan, evaluate and control within an entity and to assure appropriate use of and accountability for its resources. Management accounting also comprises the preparation of financial reports for non management groups such as shareholders, cr-ors, regulatory agencies and tax authorities (CIMA Official Terminology) The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants(AICPA) states that management accounting practice extends to the following three areas: Strategic Management—Advancing the role of the management accountant as a strategic partner in the organization. Performance Management—Developing the practice of business decision-making and managing the performance of the organization. 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Corporate Social Responsibility in the Marketplace

In understanding the subject of social responsibility in business, there are many varying views and theories presented. The argument, at the extremes, is one that is purely economic in nature and the other that requires corporation’s responsibility to society. Today society demands social responsiveness of businesses in the marketplace. A businesses’ failure to act socially or ethically responsible, in some cases, could form the foundation for its own peril. My paper attempts to define social responsibility, discuss views and theories, and provide case examples where businesses respond to situations in the global marketplace. The argument that corporation’s responsibility to shareholders to maximize profits as a sole objective is no longer†¦show more content†¦This is the voice of the laisser-faire 1980s. Elaine Sternberg, a classicist advocate, who argues that there is a human rights case against Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which is that a st akeholder approach to management deprives shareholders of their property rights. She states that the objectives sought by conventional views of social responsibility are absurd. Not all aspects of CSR are guilty of this, however. Sternberg states that ordinary decency, honesty, and fairness are expected of any corporation† (Baker). â€Å"The corporate citizen theory argues that businesses have an obligation to do good for society (Cheeseman 160). Businesses have a duty to society to help solve problems that they did not cause. This theory aligns best with the socioeconomic view of social responsibility. â€Å"The socioeconomic view requires management’s responsibility to surpass making profits to include protecting and improving society’s welfare. This view sees that corporations are not independent entities, responsible only to stockholders. Corporations also have the responsibility to the larger society that endorses their creation through laws and regulation s and supports them by purchasing their products and services. Organizations are expected and encouraged to become involved socially, politically, and legally† (Robbins/Coulter 100-01). From the classic economic or maximizing profits view to theShow MoreRelatedLiving Up to Ethical and Social Responsibilities: The Case of Occidental Petroleum Corporation1394 Words   |  6 PagesLiving Up to Ethical and Social Responsibilities: The Case of Occidental Petroleum Corporation Introduction The recent assassination of a U.S. ambassador in Libya and the rampant anti-American sentiments being expressed in other parts of the world is proof positive that many American-based multinational are faced with a hostile operating environment that demands informed and timely responses. 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Major Conflict in Theogony free essay sample

Major conflicts in the Theogony (Essay) Having read the Theogony, I can briefly say that Hesiod tries to portray the similar connections of three generation of gods; as well as emphasizing the major conflicts between the matriarchal and patriarchal systems. When we look through what has come into existence first, we encounter with Chaos, which indicates the complication of things for a while. After Chaos, the great goddess Gaea, who is the head of the matriarchal system (symbolizing fertility), comes to life. She gives birth to the universe without the help of man, what we call parthenogenesis. This demonstrates her magnificent power as a deity. In the matriarchal system women are considered magical because they are the only creatures that have the ability to give birth. This skill is very crucial for sustaining the cycle of nature. However, later, when the matriarchal system is overthrown   by the patriarchal, we   run into Zeus   who gives birth to Athena from his head   without a mate. The significance of this unusual birth is, now the male has the power to be the creator and the female power is transferred into male wisdom. After Gaea, Tartaros and Eros come to life.Then Gaia and Ouranos ( who used to be her consort) lay together (becomes her lover and husband) and bear the twelve Titans. The last Titan, which she bears, is Kronos. She later bears the Kyklopes, who have one eye in the middle of their foreheads. Zeus uses them against the Titans in the war, which we see later in the poem. From the day they are born (the moment they come out of the womb), Gaea’s children hate their father. This is because Ouranos has hidden them in Gaea’s womb and has not let them return to light. Ouranos has done that because he is afraid that one of his sons may take his place.We see the conflict between the matriarchal and patriarchal here as the sons belong to Gaea, representing the feminine domination. If one of the children overthrows his father then the matriarchal domination will take place and repress the patriarchal, which is not good for the men’s benefits. This event makes Gaea so angry that she looks for a way to take revenge. Cunningly, she provokes her sons and Kronos handles the task. She gives him a sharp-toothed knife and Kronos hacks off his father’s genitals by using it. The reason why Kronos castrates his father is owing to the fact that genitals are the organs which are used by man to produce.They are the symbol of man’s fertility. By slaying them, Kronos leaves his father powerless and   disabled. Then the bloody drops scatters all around and some of them falls into the sea. As they are covered by the sea for a long time, white foam rises from them forming Aphorodite. Aphrodite is formed from sea due to the fact that sea represents the unconcious ( the hidden part / matriarchal’s repression by the patriarchal) as under the sea is relatively dark. The power of the unconcious is very sexual and this is why Aphodite represents ‘sexuality’.After Kronos falls in love with Rhea, she bears him illustrious children, including Zeus. During the birth, when each child moves from the sacred womb, Kronos starts to swallow him/her. He does this in spite of Rhea’s unceasing grief since his purpose is to prevent any other child from subduing his power. It’s considerably ironic because he does the same thing (try to get rid of his own children) what Ouranos (his father) has done to him and his siblings. This again shows the conflict between the matriarchal and patriarchal systems. By swallowing each child, Kronos impedes the intervention of the feminine power.Hilariously, Kronos doesn’t realize that Zeus is taken away by witty Rhea. He thinks that he has swallowed him. In fact he has tricked by Rhea and has swallowed a stone instead given by her. Eventually he is defeated by his own destiny. When Zeus gets his thunder and lightning power from his uncles, he becomes the mighty sky god of the universe. Nevertheless, some people like Prometheus are not content with that. He tries to steal Zeus’s power and tricks him. Getting aware of what’s going on, Zeus punishes him and puts him into chains. Unfortunately, he doesn’t get a lesson out of that.One more time, he tries to deceive Zeus. This is the last drop, which drives Zeus crazy. As a result, Zeus gives women as a punishment for men. It’s another specific example to the conflict. Women are considered very malice individuals as they are the rivals of the male domination and the punishment is seemed very harsh by the mankind. Later a struggle takes place between the Titans ( the old generation, coming from the matriarchal) and the Olympian gods ( the new generation coming from the patriarchal). This struggle signifies that the older generation tries to get power from the new.More explicitly, the matriarchal which has been supressed by the patriarchal, tries to find a way to come into the surface and be the authority again. However, at the end the Titans are defeated and they go to the Underworld. This shows that the matriarchal system is not as powerful as it used to be. Nonetheless, Gaea doesn’t give up by the defeat and bear Typhoeus who is a snake with a hundred hands and he challanges Zeus. Being a snake, he represents the consort of the female. He is a threat to the patriarchal system. After a difficult fight, Zeus overcomes him and becomes victorious.With this the patriarchal system proves that it has the complete power to control the cosmos. The matriarchal is overwhelmed totally. Then Zeus sleeps with Demeter and they together bear the beautiful Persephone, who is abducted by Aidoneus to the Underworld. When she is abducted, Demeter is in terrible pain and grief. However Zeus arranges Persephone’s marriage with Aidoneus without paying attention to what Demeter thinks. Persephone’s story is another example to the conflict. The patriarchal system wears down the matriarchal by taking what is important to them, by causing tremendous pain.Last of all, Zeus marries with Hera who is associated with the Great Goddess. When Hera marries Zeus, she becomes less important because she subordinates him. It’s also because Zeus has used to be her consort when the cosmos has used to be ruled by the matriarchal system. Although Zeus betrays Hera all the time with other females, Hera remains sexually loyal to him. Zeus takes all these women because he is the father of all gods and everything. He subordinates the power of women and they become inferior to him. Hera becomes very jealous as Zeus continues to cheat on her.Due to her anger, she bears Hephaistos without the help of Zeus. However, Hephaistos is not glorious in some ways becuase he is crippled from his leg. This shows that women’s (the matriarchal) power is not enough to bear children soundly anymore. Her power has been diminished   by the men. Seeing Hera challenging him, Zeus wants to take revenge. He makes love with Alkmene and she bears him Herakles. The reason why he gives the name Herakles to him is because it includes the word Hera in it, which makes Hera spiteful. Even in the name occasion, we observe the clash.I’ve tried to emphasize how the patriarchal gains power and becomes the leader of the universe. As you see, there are many examples of the conflict, which is scattered in every level of the cosmos. The matriarchal tries many ways to hinder it, yet all its efforts are in vain. If we look at it from another perspective, it’s also because men takes over most of the hard jobs which requires tremendous energy such as fighting, hunting, trading and women comes after him (secondly in rank) mostly engaging with growing up children and doing housework. This changes the balances of the world and the patriarchal stands out instead of the matriarchal.

Gun Control and Crime Rates A Comparative Study free essay sample

Gun control has been an issue in the United States of America since its founding in 1776. After all, the first shots that were fired in the Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord were an effort by the American colonists to keep the British army from taking the guns from the colonial armory. Even after gaining freedom from British control, the American people were obviously still concerned about their rights to own guns. This can be seen in the 2nd Amendment to the Constitution which says â€Å" the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. † Owning guns has been a staple of the conservative portion of America. More recently however, many have been clamoring for more restrictive gun laws. These calls for increased regulation on guns have been from those who perceive guns and gun-owners as potential threats to peace. The pro-gun crowd responds by emphatically stating that they have a right to own guns. With every mass shooting and tragedy that occurs both sides get louder and louder. The debate rages on and on. It is important to ask several questions in this debate. Does gun ownership deter crime or increase crime? Do states with a higher gun-ownership rate have a lower crime-rate or is it the opposite? Do gun control law have an affect on crime rates? If so, how long does it take a gun control law to affect the rate of crime? This article aims to answer those questions. The ultimate purpose of this article is to prove that states with looser gun control laws have a lower crime rate and violent crime rate than those with more restrictive gun control laws. A second purpose of this paper is to look at the theory of why this may be the case. The theory that is being proposed herein, is that states who make it easier for people to own guns legally are states with lower crime rates. To put it simply, the more law-abiding citizens with guns, the less crime that occurs. Literature Review Before quoting stats and citing numbers it is essential to look at what both sides are saying about the current gun-control controversy. It is impossible to get an accurate look at this debate without fairly considering both sides. There have been an inordinate amount of gun related articles published in the last decade or so. That being said its not hard to distinguish the two side in this debate. On one side there are the traditional conservatives who are in favor of little to no gun-control. On the other side are those who favor a stricter gun control policy. Let us first consider those who speak in favor of additional gun-control laws. The predominant theory among those who hold this point of view is that more guns equals more violence. Consider what Fareed Zakaria had to say in his article entitled â€Å"The Case For Gun Control. † â€Å"Gun violence in America is off the chart compared with every other country on the planet. † Zakaria says. He goes on to compare the United States to a few other countries and then finishes the paragraph by stating â€Å" We have many, many more guns. † Zakaria is not the only person that holds these sentiments. U. S Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) has had harsh words for assault weapons in the past. Recently, in an interview with the New York times she said â€Å"How many assault weapons do you need circulating? To have these mass killings is such a blight on everything that America stands for. † By â€Å"mass killings† Feinstein is referring to recent tragedies such as the Newtown, CT, shooting which claimed the lives of twenty-six and the Aurora, CO, shooting which claimed twelve. Those who favor tighten gun control point to these examples as proof that more guns makes for more violence and death. Many of them also argue that it is possible for these murderers to go on these deadly rampages because it is too easy for them to get their hands on high-powered guns. Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) said in an article in the Junior Scholastic Journal that, â€Å"Its too easy for criminals, the mentally unstable, and even terrorists to buy dangerous weapons. † He went on to advocate tighter controls on prospective gun-buyers and more thorough background checks. He concluded by saying â€Å"People shouldnt have to live in fear of guns. Thats why I want to make it harder for dangerous people to get hold of them. † Many of those who advocate for more gun-control are not actively trying to restrict the rights of the people. Oftentimes they are just trying to do what they think is best for the nation and the people as a whole. The other side of the aisle have arguments that are equally strong. One of the most cited studies used to combat further gun control is a book written in 1997 by John Lott entitled â€Å"More Guns, Less Crime. † Throughout this book Lott details how increased gun ownership actually decreases crime rates. He starts by giving examples of how gun-owners used concealed handguns to deter criminals from potentially harming them or their families. He goes on to explain that if criminals know that there may be a cost involved with an attempted crime, then the criminal is much less likely to engage in that criminal activity. Several other conservative authors have further extrapolated Lotts study and agreed with his analysis. As of late, many conservative authors, scholars and columnists have spoken out against increased gun control laws that have resulted because of mass shootings. Erich Pratt, a columnist for U. S News and World Report had this to say, â€Å"The president and members of Congress are pouncing on the recent shooting in Connecticut and are trying to exploit it for political gain. Sadly, if they get their way, we will see even more of these horrific tragedies. † He goes on to explain that most of the shootings that have happened have taken place in â€Å"gun-free zones. † He points out that criminals who want to break the law do not care about signs that tell them that they cannot have guns in a specified areas. The only people who are restricted are law-abiding citizens. He then goes on to give examples of people who stopped potential mass shootings with weapons of their own. Wayne LaPierre, CEO of the National Rifle Association echoes Pratt. â€Å"Gun-control laws have never, and can never, reduce violent crime. â€Å"Thats because anti-gun laws dont affect criminals, who ignore all laws. Government studies prove it, finding that most criminals get guns through theft or the black market, where gun laws have no effect† says Lapierre in an article published in the New York Times Upfront. The conservative right seems to be quite united in their stand against more gun control. Beyond the rhetoric that both sides hurl at each other, there have been several great studies that have been conducted on the subject of gun control and crime. Specifically, there are two studies, one by the University of Harvard, called Would Banning Firearms Reduce Murder and Suicide? Another poll conducted by Quinnipiac University, called â€Å"Background Checks Could Lead To Gun Confiscation, Many Voters Tell Quinnipiac University National Poll; But 91 Percent Want Universal Gun Checks. † The study produced by Harvard, which was published in the Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy, is actually a European study that compares several different countries and their varying levels of gun control. After analyzing the gun laws in each country the study takes a look at the crime-rate in each country. The study looks at a total of eighteen countries. The results were interesting. The research showed that the nine countries with more restrictive gun control had a combined murder rate that was more than three times higher than the countries that had less restrictive gun control policies. The studys authors write, â€Å"If the mantra more guns equal more death and fewer guns equal less death were true, broad cross-national comparisons should show that nations with higher gun ownership per capita consistently have more death. Nations with higher gun ownership rates, however, do not have higher murder or suicide rates than those with lower gun ownership. Indeed many high gun ownership nations have much lower murder rates. † The poll that was conducted by Quinnipiac University is a little different. Qunnipiac sent out several questions regarding gun control and various laws that could be passed or bans that could be introduced. The poll shows that most Americans favor stricter gun control. Specifically, the results show that 91% of Americans favor universal background checks before purchasing guns of any type. This is interesting considering that recently, American voters said, by a margin of 48%-38% (with the rate among gun owners sitting a a much higher 53%-34%), that the government could use extensive background checks to repossess legally owned and acquired guns. Still, the study shows that Americans do generally support more restrictive gun control, including a ban on high capacity magazines and a ban on all assault weapons. Data And Methods Before numbers can be accurately looked at, it is important to define the terms that will be used. When defining gun control The Brady Campaign is one of the most accurate measures of gun control by state. Every year The Brady Campaign gives every state a scorecard. The scale on the scorecard is 0-100. Zero being the least restrictive gun control measures and one hundred being the most restrictive. Points can be scored in several different categories. The categories are: gun dealer regulations, record retention, crime gun identification, owner must report lost/stolen guns, background checks, permit to purchase, ammunition regulation, assault weapons ban, large capacity magazine ban, child safety, guns in public places and local control, CCW discretion, no state preemption, and finally, a limit on bulk purchases. These will be the categories that will be considered when comparing the levels of different states gun control policies. Another set of terms that must be defined and operationalized is crime-rate. This study will compare not only the overall crime-rate of each of the states, but also the violent crime-rate. These statistics will pulled from the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The FBI takes these statistics every year and publishes them for the public to see. The FBI uses the Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR) to obtain their information on crime. The UCR is a collection of over 18,000 different city, university/college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies all voluntarily reporting crime to the program. Crime information can be submitted either to the state branch of UCR or to the federal UCR. In this particular study statistics from the year 2010 will be used. Lastly, population must be defined. In this study the population of each state will be the population that was measured in 2010 by the United States Census Bureau. This is to be consistent with the crime-rate statistics, which, as has already been mentioned, are the numbers from 2010. Also, 2010 is the most recent country-wide census that has been conducted by the government. Research Design A total of six states will be compared in this study. The states will be divided up into three different side-by-side comparisons. The states that will be studied are: Indiana, Illinois, New Jersey, Delaware, Texas and California. Indiana will be compared to Illinois, New Jersey to Delaware and California to Texas. These states were chosen and pair together for three main reasons. First, the gun control laws of the states in each comparison are very different. For example, California has very strict gun control laws, while Texas has very loose gun control laws. Second, geographical proximity. Illinois and Indiana are neighbors in the Mid-West. New Jersey and Delaware border each other on the East Coast and California and Texas are relatively close in the West. Texas and California also both share a border with Mexico which could factor into the crime-rate. Finally, varying sizes, location, population and laws. In order for this study to be as accurate as possible states of different size, geographical location, total population and specific laws must be measured. For example, Illinois has moderate gun control laws, but they are not nearly as restrictive as Californias, at the same time they are not nearly as loose as Indianas. The geography has been explained, but to further the point, different areas of the United States have different sub-cultures, by looking at several different states we can see how gun control works in these different sub-cultures. Also, the variable of population comes into play. Each of these states has a different level of population and population density. Again, by looking at varying levels of population we can see how different levels of gun control affect each state. Obviously states with a much higher population will have more total crimes simply for the fact that it has more people. This will be controlled by measuring the average number of crimes committed per 100,000 persons. The varying levels of gun control laws that these states have will be compared and analyzed. Then, the crime-rates and violent crime-rates will be compared and analyzed. The study will be testing to see if there is any correlation between the individual states gun laws and its crime rate. A second item that will be considered is the effect that gun control laws have had in the states. The crime rate in each state will be measured and compared for the last ten years the states that have more gun laws this is to see if the gun control legislation has any measurable affect on the state crime-rate. For states that have very loose gun control laws this is done to see if crime was trending down anyway. Main Body (Research) First, lets consider the levels of gun control laws in each of the states that will be compared. The study specifically chose six states that did not have a zero according to The Brady Campaign. Below is visual representation of each states gun control score according to The Brady Campaign. As can be seen Indiana has a score of 4, which is being compared to Illinois score of 35. Delaware has a 13 which is being compared to New Jerseys 72. Finally, California comes in with a nation-high score of 81 which is being compared to Texas score of only 4. Referring to the different categories that are scored on pages 5 and 6. Both California and New Jersey score at least some points in all categories, Illinois scores in about half of the categories. While Indiana, Texas and Delaware only score in the two most basic categories; Gun Dealer Registration, and Guns In Public Places and Local Control categories. Now that the level of gun control in each state is known, we can now begin the side-by side comparisons. First, lets consider the small states, New Jersey and Delaware. In 2010 Delaware had a population of 897,934 according to the U. S Census Bureau. That same year Delaware reported an overall crime-rate of 4,077. 2 crimes per 100,000 persons and a violent crime rate of 620. 9 crimes per 100,000 people. Remember that Delaware had the relatively low score of 13 according to The Brady Campaign. In 2010 New Jersey reported a total population of 8,791,894. That same year New Jersey reported an overall crime rate of 2387.6 crimes per 100,000 persons and a violent crime rate of 307. 7 crimes per 100,000 persons. Again, remember that New Jersey had the high score of 72 on The Brady Campaign scorecard. Another factor that should be taken into account is the fact that New Jersey has a much higher population than Delaware. This reduces the affect that each crime has on the rate per 100,000. Delaware has a much smaller population, so each crime has a significantly higher affect on the crime-rate per 100,000 inhabitants. If you were to look at the number of crimes committed you would see that Delaware reported just 36,686 total crimes compared to New Jerseys  210,097. Again this is because of the population difference, but since Delawares total population is so small compared to New Jerseys it was important to note. It is also important to note that New Jersey has a much higher percentage of its population in a metropolitan area than Delaware does. In fact, the FBI reported that, technically, 100% of New Jerseys population resides in a metropolitan area. Below is a visual representation of the trend of the violent crime-rate per 100,000 persons in both New Jersey and Delaware over the last ten years. Now lets take a look at the second side-by-side comparison. The more medium-sized, mid-western states Indiana and Illinois. In 2010 Indiana had a population of 6,483,802 people according to the U. S Census Bureau. That same year Indiana reported an overall crime-rate of 3,393. 5 crimes per 100,000 persons and a violent crime-rate of 323. 3 crimes per 100,000 persons. Also in 2010, Illinois had a population of 12,830,632 people. In 2010 Illinois reported an overall crime-rate of 3,118. 1 crimes per 100,000 persons and a violent crime-rate of 444.  9 crimes per persons. It is important to note that, while Indianas total crime-rate is higher than that of Illinois, Illinois violent crime-rate is substantially higher than Indianas. This discrepancy is because Indiana has a higher property crime rate than Illinois, but Illinois has a higher murder rate and aggravated assault rate. Below is a visual representation of the trend of the violent crime-rate per 100,000 persons in both Indiana and Illinois over the last ten years. Last, but not least, let us consider the final side-by-side comparison of this study. The final comparison will be between the two larger, western states, California and Texas. Before looking at the numbers from each state it is important to remember two things. First, both of these states border Mexico. Because of the recent problems with illegal immigration and drug trade, the crime rates of both states may be slightly inflated. Second, these two states have distinctly different sub-cultures. California is distinctly more liberal and Texas has a much more independent, conservative flavor. Now, to the numbers. In 2010 California had a population of 37,253,956 people according to the U.  S Census Bureau. That same year California reported an overall crime-rate of 3,069. 5 crimes per 100,000 persons and a violent crime-rate of 439. 6 crimes per 100,000 persons. In 2010 Texas had a population of 25,145,561 according to the U. S Census Bureau. Also in 2010 Texas reported an overall crime-rate of 4,215. 2 crimes per 100,000 persons and a violent crime-rate of 448. 4 crimes per 100,000 persons. Below is a visual representation of the trend of the violent crime-rate per 100,000 persons in both California and Texas over the last ten years. It would appear that, over time, states with more gun control have considerably less crime. It would be worth someones time in the future to look at individual cities in each state and include additional controls for population and population density. Also, it may be interesting to see the murder rate for each state in comparison to the gun laws. After examining the results there are a few conclusions that can be made. First of all, it is easy to see that my initial hypotheses were mostly wrong. The only state with loose gun control that had a violent crime-rate lower than the state with tighter gun control was Indiana. Even then, Illinois violent crime-rate was trending down and was rapidly catching up to Indianas. Not only that, but Indianas overall crime-rate was higher than Illinois. All of the states that had more restrictive gun control laws showed a downward trend in violent crime over the given ten-year span. Texas also showed a consistent downward trend, but both Indiana and Delaware fluctuated to some extent. It is worth noting that all of the states with more gun laws had a higher population than those with fewer gun laws. Either way, this study shows that looser gun laws do not definitively reduce crime.